Are we prepared for a Q fever outbreak?

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii that can result in severe negative human health outcomes. A large outbreak in the Netherlands that commenced in 2007 led to over 4000 human cases, of which more than 75 died as a result of Q fever and complications. Understanding is improving regarding species of animals that can be infected with this organism and consequently act as sources of infection for humans, but large gaps in knowledge still exist. The clinical signs resulting from infection with C. burnetii in animals vary and range from inconsequential with no apparent signs to abortions and weakened young animals. Knowledge surrounding Q fever is expanding and we are aware that the risk factors for infection with this pathogen are more diverse than originally thought. We are also aware, through national and international experience, that large outbreaks of human disease may occur quickly and are more likely if effective control measures and appropriate communication networks are not in place between stakeholders.