Differential Effects of Resistance, Aerobic or Concurrent Exercise on Acute and Chronic Molecular, Metabolic, and Cytokine Responses in Sedentary Overweight Middle-Aged Men

on remained elevated at 4 h after RET and AET (P<0.05), yet returned to pre-exercise levels after CET (P>0.05). In addition, AET and RET up-regulated IL-1β and IL-1ra expression (P<0.05), whereas CET up-regulated IL-1β expression only (P<0.05). Glycogen was reduced after AET (P<0.05), which also showed the greatest capacity to induce receptor expression (P<0.05). Given prior evidence of glycogen-mediated cytokine expression (especially IL-6), a novel finding was that RET induced comparable cytokine expression as AET. It remains uncertain whether the ameliorated cytokine expression after CET presented due to insufficient cumulative inducement or collective inhibition of the RET or AET components. Regardless, the data showed that post-exercise cytokine mRNA expression was most prominent after AET and absent/blunted after CET.Study 4 examined training-based responses to the acute exercise methods used in Studies 1-3 in order to provide chronic training-based molecular, metabolic, and cytokine responses to these same modes. Forty-seven middle-aged men (48.1±6.8y; 30.4±4.1kgâˆÂ'm2) were randomised into 12-wks AET (40-60min stationary cycling), RET (10 exercises; 3-4 sets × 8-10 repetitions), CET (50% serial completion of RET and AET) or non-exercising control condition. Results illustrated that CET was not different to RET or AET for respective improvements of muscular strength and aerobic capacity (P<0.05). Further, AET and CET were not different for reductions of fat mass and abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (P<0.05). However, RET also reduced abdominal VAT, and was the only mode to increase fat-free mass (P<0.05). Plasma TNFα and IL-6 were reduced after all modes (P<0.05); however, plasma CRP and the respective receptors for the above cytokines remained largely unchanged (P>0.05). A