Exploring the Potential Role of the Genus Kudoa (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) as an Emerging Seafood-Borne Parasite in Humans

Purpose of Review: This article reviews and summarises the recent findings on emerging seafood-borne parasites, Kudoa spp., that have received comparatively little attention in the literature. Recent Findings: Currently, two species, namely, K. hexapunctata and K. septempunctata, have been identified as causing infections in humans. However, it is worth noting that the existing nomenclature and methods for identifying Kudoa spp. may undergo substantial changes as more effective identification techniques are developed. This implies the possibility of additional species capable of infecting humans. The symptoms induced by these parasites in humans, such as vomiting and diarrhoea, can easily be confused with similar symptoms caused by other pathogens like viruses or bacteria. Consequently, misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis is quite common. Moreover, new hosts and expanded distribution patterns are being discovered on a regular basis. Summary: This review sheds light on the potential of Kudoa spp. to cause diseases in humans, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive seafood safety measures to ensure responsible seafood consumption. Further investigation into these lesser-known parasites is warranted to better understand their prevalence, distribution, and pathogenicity in seafood-related infections.