Framing the Australian Extreme Right: Proposing a Threefold Typology with Consideration of Legislation and Listing Regulations

The contemporary extreme right is home to diverse milieus, some of which challenge or confuse stereotypical
understandings of the threat. This study seeks to describe and organise the different milieus of the Australian extreme right
into a typology based on the past decade of observable violent activities. The typology proposes a threefold way to view
the Australian extreme right: 1. ethnocentric milieus, who asymmetrically evaluate other peoples and cultures, commonly
informed by abstractions and preconceptions, especially as related to religion or ethnicity; 2. anti-government milieus, who
fixate on the government and its policies as the primary source of societal woes; and 3. religious milieus, spanning
numerous religious traditions and faiths, who anchor their worldviews in theological constructions. Having developed this
typology, we revisited counteractions anchored in international practice and domestic legislation. We suggest that the
existing domestic legislative environment is sufficient to manage these threats when informed by international practice.