Multiple threats, or multiplying the threats? Interactions between invasive predators and other ecological disturbances

Invasive species have reshaped the composition of biomes across the globe, and considerable cost is nowassociated with minimising their ecological, social and economic impacts. Mammalian predators areamong the most damaging invaders, having caused numerous species extinctions. Here, we review evidenceof interactions between invasive predators and six key threats that together have strong potentialto influence both the impacts of the predators, and their management. We show that impacts of invasivepredators can be classified as either functional or numerical, and that they interact with other threatsthrough both habitat- and community-mediated pathways. Ecosystem context and invasive predatoridentity are central in shaping variability in these relationships and their outcomes. Greater recognitionof the ecological complexities between major processes that threaten biodiversity, including changingspatial and temporal relationships among species, is required to both advance ecological theory andimprove conservation actions and outcomes. We discuss how novel approaches to conservation managementcan be used to address interactions between threatening processes and ameliorate invasive predatorimpacts.