@article{d290d7a1c05640c7a2d5e5d76ce04290,
title = "Upper limits on the isotropic gravitational-wave background from Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's third observing run",
abstract = "We report results of a search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background (GWB) using data from Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's third observing run (O3) combined with upper limits from the earlier O1 and O2 runs. Unlike in previous observing runs in the advanced detector era, we include Virgo in the search for the GWB. The results of the search are consistent with uncorrelated noise, and therefore we place upper limits on the strength of the GWB. We find that the dimensionless energy density ωGW≤5.8×10-9 at the 95% credible level for a flat (frequency-independent) GWB, using a prior which is uniform in the log of the strength of the GWB, with 99% of the sensitivity coming from the band 20-76.6 Hz; ωGW(f)≤3.4×10-9 at 25 Hz for a power-law GWB with a spectral index of 2/3 (consistent with expectations for compact binary coalescences), in the band 20-90.6 Hz; and ωGW(f)≤3.9×10-10 at 25 Hz for a spectral index of 3, in the band 20-291.6 Hz. These upper limits improve over our previous results by a factor of 6.0 for a flat GWB, 8.8 for a spectral index of 2/3, and 13.1 for a spectral index of 3. We also search for a GWB arising from scalar and vector modes, which are predicted by alternative theories of gravity; we do not find evidence of these, and place upper limits on the strength of GWBs with these polarizations. We demonstrate that there is no evidence of correlated noise of magnetic origin by performing a Bayesian analysis that allows for the presence of both a GWB and an effective magnetic background arising from geophysical Schumann resonances. We compare our upper limits to a fiducial model for the GWB from the merger of compact binaries, updating the model to use the most recent data-driven population inference from the systems detected during O3a. Finally, we combine our results with observations of individual mergers and show that, at design sensitivity, this joint approach may yield stronger constraints on the merger rate of binary black holes at z2 than can be achieved with individually resolved mergers alone.",
author = "{LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration} and R. Abbott and Abbott, {T. D.} and S. Abraham and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and A. Adams and C. Adams and Adhikari, {R. X.} and Adya, {V. B.} and C. Affeldt and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and K. Agatsuma and N. Aggarwal and Aguiar, {O. D.} and L. Aiello and A. Ain and T. Akutsu and Aleman, {K. M.} and G. Allen and A. Allocca and Altin, {P. A.} and A. Amato and S. Anand and A. Ananyeva and Anderson, {S. B.} and Anderson, {W. G.} and M. Ando and Angelova, {S. V.} and S. Ansoldi and Antelis, {J. M.} and S. Antier and S. Appert and Koya Arai and Koji Arai and Y. Arai and S. Araki and A. Araya and Araya, {M. C.} and Areeda, {J. S.} and M. Ar{\`e}ne and N. Aritomi and N. Arnaud and Aronson, {S. M.} and H. Asada and Y. Asali and G. Ashton and Y. Aso and Aston, {S. M.} and P. Astone and F. Aubin and P. Aufmuth and K. Aultoneal and C. Austin and S. Babak and F. Badaracco and Bader, {M. K.M.} and S. Bae and Y. Bae and Baer, {A. M.} and S. Bagnasco and Y. Bai and L. Baiotti and J. Baird and R. Bajpai and M. Ball and G. Ballardin and Ballmer, {S. W.} and M. Bals and A. Balsamo and G. Baltus and S. Banagiri and D. Bankar and Bankar, {R. S.} and Barayoga, {J. C.} and C. Barbieri and Barish, {B. C.} and D. Barker and P. Barneo and S. Barnum and F. Barone and B. Barr and L. Barsotti and M. Barsuglia and D. Barta and J. Bartlett and Barton, {M. A.} and I. Bartos and R. Bassiri and A. Basti and M. Bawaj and Bayley, {J. C.} and Baylor, {A. C.} and M. Bazzan and B. B{\'e}csy and Bedakihale, {V. M.} and M. Bejger and I. Belahcene and V. Benedetto and D. Beniwal and Benjamin, {M. G.} and Bennett, {T. F.} and Bentley, {J. D.} and M. Benyaala and F. Bergamin and Berger, {B. K.} and S. Bernuzzi and D. Bersanetti and A. Bertolini and J. Betzwieser and R. Bhandare and Bhandari, {A. V.} and D. Bhattacharjee and S. Bhaumik and J. Bidler and Bilenko, {I. A.} and G. Billingsley and R. Birney and O. Birnholtz and S. Biscans and M. Bischi and S. Biscoveanu and A. Bisht and B. Biswas and M. Bitossi and Bizouard, {M. A.} and Blackburn, {J. K.} and J. Blackman and Blair, {C. D.} and Blair, {D. G.} and Blair, {R. M.} and F. Bobba and N. Bode and M. Boer and G. Bogaert and M. Boldrini and F. Bondu and E. Bonilla and R. Bonnand and P. Booker and Boom, {B. A.} and R. Bork and V. Boschi and N. Bose and S. Bose and V. Bossilkov and V. Boudart and Y. Bouffanais and A. Bozzi and C. Bradaschia and Brady, {P. R.} and A. Bramley and A. Branch and M. Branchesi and Brau, {J. E.} and M. Breschi and T. Briant and Briggs, {J. H.} and A. Brillet and M. Brinkmann and P. Brockill and Brooks, {A. F.} and J. Brooks and Brown, {D. D.} and S. Brunett and G. Bruno and R. Bruntz and J. Bryant and A. Buikema and T. Bulik and Bulten, {H. J.} and A. Buonanno and R. Buscicchio and D. Buskulic and Byer, {R. L.} and L. Cadonati and M. Caesar and G. Cagnoli and C. Cahillane and Cain, {H. W.} and Bustillo, {J. Calder{\'o}n} and Callaghan, {J. D.} and Callister, {T. A.} and E. Calloni and Camp, {J. B.} and M. Canepa and M. Cannavacciuolo and Cannon, {K. C.} and H. Cao and J. Cao and Z. Cao and E. Capocasa and E. Capote and G. Carapella and F. Carbognani and Carlin, {J. B.} and Carney, {M. F.} and M. Carpinelli and G. Carullo and Carver, {T. L.} and Diaz, {J. Casanueva} and C. Casentini and G. Castaldi and S. Caudill and M. Cavagli{\`a} and F. Cavalier and R. Cavalieri and G. Cella and P. Cerd{\'a}-Dur{\'a}n and E. Cesarini and W. Chaibi and K. Chakravarti and B. Champion and Chan, {C. H.} and Chan, {C. L.} and Chan, {C. L.} and M. Chan and K. Chandra and P. Chanial and S. Chao and P. Charlton and Chase, {E. A.} and E. Chassande-Mottin and D. Chatterjee and M. Chaturvedi and A. Chen and C. Chen and Chen, {H. Y.} and J. Chen and K. Chen and X. Chen and Chen, {Y. B.} and Chen, {Y. R.} and Z. Chen and H. Cheng and Cheong, {C. K.} and Cheung, {H. Y.} and Chia, {H. Y.} and F. Chiadini and Chiang, {C. Y.} and R. Chierici and A. Chincarini and Chiofalo, {M. L.} and A. Chiummo and G. Cho and Cho, {H. S.} and S. Choate and Choudhary, {R. K.} and S. Choudhary and N. Christensen",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 American Physical Society. All rights reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = jul,
day = "23",
doi = "10.1103/PhysRevD.104.022004",
language = "English",
volume = "104",
pages = "1--27",
journal = "Physical Review D",
issn = "2470-0010",
publisher = "AMER PHYSICAL SOC",
number = "2",
}